Blog - Page 13 of 32 - The Law Literates

16May, 2024

Kapil Sibbal has became New President Of Supreme Court Bar Association

Kapil Sibal has won the election for the presidency of the Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA). This victory marks his return to the position after over two decades. Sibal, a senior advocate and former Union Minister, previously served as SCBA president between 1995 and 2002 . His recent win follows a competitive election against notable candidates, including current SCBA President Adish Aggarwala and other senior advocates

Below are the votes secured by President

Kapil Sibal – 1,066;

Pradeep Kumar Rai – 689;

Adish Aggarwala – 286.

10May, 2024

Amendment of the written statement – Proposed amendment is only to clarify the contents of the gift deed – All these details were known to the defendant, however, the fact remains that she being illiterate and pardanashin lady, was unable to understand the intricacies of the pleadings and the requirement thereof

HASINABI vs MOHMAD SHARIF WP 1608/21 07/03/24

[ JUSTICE B.P. DESHPANDE, J.] [ BOMBAY HIGH COURT]

Amendment of the written statement – Proposed amendment is only to clarify the contents of the gift deed – All these details were known to the defendant, however, the fact remains that she being illiterate and pardanashin lady, was unable to understand the intricacies of the pleadings and the requirement thereof – Application for amendment needs to be bona fide filed and that there should not be any mala fide intention – Proposed amendment would not cause any prejudice to the plaintiff which cannot be compensated adequately in terms of money – Admittedly, the appeal is pending and therefore, it is clear that the defendant is challenging the findings of the Trial Court which referred to absence of pleadings of the gift deed – Petition allowed.

Relevant Paras

25. Thirdly, the proposed amendment would not cause any prejudice to the plaintiff which cannot be compensated adequately in terms of money. Admittedly, the appeal is pending and therefore, it is clear that the defendant is challenging the findings of the Trial Court which referred to absence of pleadings of the gift deed. At the most, by imposing some costs, the plaintiff could be compensated while allowing the amendment application.
26. As against this, by refusing such amendment, it would in fact lead to injustice or to multiple litigation for the simple reason that the plaintiff though referred in the plaint about the gift deed, alleged that it was a false and fabricated document, without challenging it in the suit. Thus, on one hand, the plaintiff asked for declaration of the entries in the Revenue Records as null and void, conveniently avoid to challenge the gift deed as null and void. Thus, the gift deed remains without any declaration which could lead to multiplicity of litigation.

27. The fact remains that the proposed amendment is not changing the nature and the character of the defendant and thus, this aspect is also in favour of the defendant. Finally, the proposed amendment cannot be considered as barred by limitation as the defendant is not seeking any relief by incorporating such defence which is only by way of clarification to her earlier pleadings. It is no doubt true that such amendment has been filed at the appellate stage and therefore, if considered necessary, could be allowed by imposing some costs.
28. In Chakreshwari (supra), the Hon’ble Apex Court in para-16 observed that in appropriate cases the parties are permitted to amend their pleadings at any stage not only during the pendency of trial but also at the first and second appellate stage with leave of Court provided the amendment proposed is bona fide, relevant and necessary for deciding the rights of parties involved in the lis. Thus, the observations are applicable to the present matter.
29. In the case of Shivshankara (supra), the Hon’ble Apex Court has observed in para-14 that it is settled that while dealing with the prayers for amendment of the pleadings, the Court should not apply hyper technical approach, but at the same time, the Court must keep in mind that such amendment cannot be granted on a mere request specifically at the appellate stage and when the judgment and decree passed by the Court is in appeal. Only in exceptional circumstances and when the amendment is necessary to adjudicate the dispute effectively, could be allowed in rare circumstances.

30. The matter in hand would go to show that the petitioner/ defendant being illiterate and pardanashin lady was in fact unable to understand the pleadings in the written statement and therefore, in order to do justice effectively, the proposed amendment which is in the nature of clarification, ought to have been considered by the learned First Appellate Court. However, while taking hyper technical aspect and without considering the status of the defendant, such amendment was rejected.

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Hasinabi Versus Mohammad Sharif the law literates

5May, 2024

Issue with regard to ownership and possession of the suit land, particularly whether the defendant acquired ownership through adverse possession

Banka vs Watuli RSA 145/22 29/09/23 [ Rakesh JJ ] [ HIMACHAL PRADESH HIGH COURT ]

Specific Relief Act Section 34 – Limitation Act Articles 64 and 65 – Issue with regard to ownership and possession of the suit land, particularly whether the defendant acquired ownership through adverse possession – Plaintiff asserts that the suit land was allotted to her father in a family partition, and she inherited exclusive ownership – Defendant claims to have purchased the land from the plaintiff’s father, Mainee, for a consideration and asserts ownership by way of adverse possession – Plea of adverse possession will not be available to defendant in absence of pleadings and proof regarding denial of title of real owner – Adverse possession was asserted by defendant for first time in September, 2013 – Suit was filed in May 2014 – Statutory period for acquisition of title on adverse possession was not completed – Moreover, title of plaintiff was not in dispute – Plea of adverse possession, not tenable – Furthermore, defendant had claimed to be in possession by way of an agreement to sell – Agreement to sell was not proved – Even agreement does not show that possession was delivered to the defendant pursuant to said agreement – Defendant had no right to retain possession – Order of First Appellate Court in granting decree of possession in favour of plaintiff held, proper.

Relevant Paras

14. I have given considerable thought to the rival submissions at the bar and have gone through the records carefully.
15. Plaintiff Watuli Devi admitted in her cross- examination that an orchard exists over the suit land which has been yielding crops for the last ten years. This orchard was raised by the defendant. It was submitted that the existence of the orchard is not in dispute; therefore, the plaintiff should have valued the suit land on the market value of the orchard. This submission is not acceptable. It was laid down by this Court in Niram Dass vs. Hirda Ram ILR 1975 HP 659 that the raising of the orchard is immaterial to determine the court fee and jurisdiction in a suit for possession of the vacant land. It was observed:
“8. The real question is whether the value of the land alone is to be considered for determining the value of the suit or regard must also be had to the value of the orchard. There is no dispute that the plaint in the suit

refers to the land only and the relief also relates to the land only. The orchard was planted by the petitioner soon after the land was gifted to him. Learned counsel for the petitioner relies on Shanti Prasad vs. Mahabir Singh(A.I.R. 1957 All. 402.), where a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court has held that although the plaintiff had not claimed any relief in respect of the buildings and the garden in a suit for possession of land, and he is found entitled to the relief he has claimed, the defendant must either remove the buildings and do away with the garden in question or leave them as they are to be taken by the plaintiff along with the land. In the circumstances, it was laid down that the buildings and garden must be held to be affected by the relief sought within the meaning of the term used in Section 3 of the Suits Valuation Act. It was pointed out that even if the suit was deemed to be a suit for possession of land alone, as it involved a building or garden standing on it the market value of the building and the garden standing on the land was bound to be added to the value of the land in order to determine the value of the land itself. Reliance was placed on Rule 3 of the U. P. Suits Valuation Act, 1942. Now, this provision expressly lays down that in suits for possession of land, the value of the land for purposes of jurisdiction shall be determined by aggregating the value of the land and the market value of buildings or gardens situated thereon. The decision turned on the particular language of Rule 3 (e). Such a provision is absent in the Act before me. My attention has been drawn to Divisional Forest Officer, Sarahan Forest Division of Simla Forest Circle, Himachal Pradesh vs. Daut and Ors (A.I.R. 1968-S.C. 612.), but in that case, the definition of land included orchards standing thereon.
9. In Kewal Kishore vs. Hamad Ahmad Khan (A.I.R. 1959 Pun. 181) a Division Bench of the Punjab High Court held that in a suit for possession of land, on a part of which some buildings had been erected, the court fee payable in such a suit would not depend on the defence which mightbe raised but would be measured by the value of the land alone. In Durga Das vs. Nihal Chand (A.I.R. 1928 Lah. 852.), Jai Lal, J. held that in a suit for declaration, the market value of the land alone should be taken into consideration for determining the jurisdiction of the court and the amount of the court fee to be paid. It further observed that the plaintiffs claimed possession of the land and not of the building on the land.
10. It is said that different considerations arise when it is a case of land with trees thereon. It is urged that the case is entirely different from one of land on which a building has been constructed. It is pointed out, on the terms of Section 8 of the Transfer of Property Act that the definition of property means land and all things attached to the land. In my opinion, having regard to the scheme of Section 7 of the Court Fees Act such an inference is not easily possible. Section 7 (v) speaks separately of land houses and gardens. When a garden or orchard is the object of the suit, the suit must be valued accordingly. Where, however, it is a suit for land only, it is the land alone which must be valued.
11. I am of the opinion that in a case such as this, the value of the land for the purposes of court fee and jurisdiction should be taken to be in stricto sensu and cannot include the value of an orchard planted thereon.”

19. Thus, the plea that the plaintiff is not the exclusive owner of the suit land and the suit was bad for the non-joinder of other co-owners is not acceptable.
20. The plaintiff was recorded to be the co-owner of the suit land. It was laid down by this Court in Dharam Singh Vs. Jagdish AIR 2005 Himachal Pradesh 10 = 2005(1) Civil Court Cases 823 (HP) that a co-owner can always file a suit for recovery of the possession and such a suit is not bad for non-joinder of other co-owners. It was observed:-
“5. The question whether a co-sharer can institute and maintain a suit for possession against a trespasser in respect of the entire property irrespective of his share therein without impleading the other co-sharers is maintainable or not, came up before a Full Bench of the Patna High Court in Ram Niranjan Das v. Loknath Mandal,AIR 1970 Patna 1 and it was held that such a suit by a co- sharer without impleading the other co-sharers was maintainable and that a co-sharer can recover the possession of the entire land from a trespasser irrespective of his share therein.
6. A similar question also arose before the Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Ajmer Singh (deceased by L.R.’s) v. Shamsher Singh, AIR 1984 Punj and Har 58. Following the ratio laid down by the Full Bench of the Patna High Court, it was held that a suit by a co- sharer for possession against a trespasser without impleading the other co-sharers is maintainable and a decree for possession can be passed. I am in full agreement with the ratio laid down by the Full Bench of the Patna High Court as well as the Full Bench of Punjab and Haryana High Court. In view of the said ratio, learned Additional District Judge rightly held the suit to be maintainable and granted a decree for possession in favour of the plaintiff.”

25. A similar view was taken by this court in Sarvi Devi v. Ran Singh, 2012 SCC OnLine HP 8003 : (2012) 114 AIC 460 wherein
“13.In the present case, the respondent came in possession of suit land on the basis of agreement Ex. PA which was executory in nature. On the basis of Ex. PA no suit for specific performance or independent sale-deed was executed in favour of the respondent. The possession of respondent remained permissive since his entry over the suit land was under agreement Ex. PA. The two Courts below have not appreciated this vital question of law which has a bearing on the ultimate result of the case. The respondent in his statement has not stated even a word that he is in adverse possession of the suit land. This clinches point on adverse possession against the respondent. The learned District Judge has noticed Achal Reddy (supra) in the impugned judgment from another Journal, but he has not applied the law laid down by the Supreme Court in Achal Reddy properly. The impugned judgment and decree are not sustainable. The substantial question of law No. 1 is decided in favour of the appellants.”
26. Therefore, the plea of adverse possession will not be available to the defendant in the absence of the pleadings and proof regarding the denial of the title of the real owner.

_*Banka vs Watuli RSA 145/22 29/09/23 [ Rakesh JJ ] [ HIMACHAL PRADESH HIGH COURT ]

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Banka Dei (since deceased) through her LRs Versus Watuli Devi Court Judgment The Law Literates

29Apr, 2024

Section 482 CRPC NI ACT Section 138 Dishonour of cheque – Quashing of complaint and summoning order -Punjab High Court

GURMEET vs State BANK OF INDIA CRMM 55404/22 27/04/24 [ HARKESH JUSICE ]

[ PUNJAB HARYANA HIGH COURT ]

Section 482 CRPC NI ACT Section 138 Dishonour of cheque – Quashing of complaint and summoning order – Petitioner admittedly stood as guarantor to loan facility availed by Company from Bank – Petitioner is neither Director nor in any manner in-charge of or responsible for day to day functioning of Company –

Besides making bald averment regarding petitioner being in-charge of or responsible towards Company, no such material or document provided in entire complaint to support this averment – Status of petitioner being guarantor can at best create civil liability against him as regards complainant, however, same in any manner cannot make him vicariously liable under Section 138 read with section 141 of Negotiable Instruments Act on account of dishonour of a cheque having been issued by Director of company towards discharge of its loan amount due towards Bank – Hence, quashing of complaint and summoning order.

Relevant paras

6. In the present case, the petitioner admittedly stood as a guarantor to the loan facility availed by the Company from respondent- Bank. The petitioner is neither a Director nor in any manner in-charge of or responsible for the day to day functioning of the Company. Besides making a bald averment regarding the petitioner being in-charge of or responsible towards the Company, no such material or document has been provided in the entire complaint to support this averment. The status of petitioner being a guarantor can at best create a civil liability against him as regards the respondent-complainant, however, the same in any manner cannot make him vicariously liable under Section 138 read with Section 141 of Negotiable Instruments Act on account of dishonour of a cheque having been issued by the Director of the company towards the discharge of its loan amount due towards the respondent-Bank. The aforesaid viewhas even been derived from the law laid down by Hon’ble the Supreme Court in “Pooja Ravinder Devidasani’s” case (supra).

7. In view of the aforesaid discussion, the present petition is allowed, the complaint bearing No. COMP/10342/17 filed under Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act as well as the summoning order dated 26.07.2019 passed by Court of Ld. JMIC First Class, Ludhiana are hereby quashed qua the petitioners.

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CRM-M_55404_2022_27_04_2023_FINAL_ORDER GURMEET KAUR STATE BANK OF INDIA The law literates

26Apr, 2024

Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act Section 11 – Inquiry into complaint – The respondent, a constable in Delhi Police, was dismissed from service without a departmental enquiry, following allegations of sexual harassment

COMMISSIONER OF POLICE vs SANT RAM

WPC 5562/24 23/04/24 [CORAM:
HON’BLE MS. JUSTICE REKHA PALLI
HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SAURABH BANERJEE ]

[ DELHI HIGH COURT ]

Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act Section 11 – Inquiry into complaint – The respondent, a constable in Delhi Police, was dismissed from service without a departmental enquiry, following allegations of sexual harassment – The main issue is whether the dismissal without an enquiry was justified under Article 311(2)(b) of the Constitution of India – The petitioner argued that the enquiry was not held due to the serious nature of the charges and the threat to the complainant and witnesses – The respondent contended that there was no evidence of threats and that the dismissal was unjustified without a proper enquiry – The court found that the dismissal was not in accordance with the principles of natural justice and the provisions of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 –

The court concluded that the dismissal order was not reasonably practicable and was violative of Article 311(2)(b), thus dismissing the writ petition – The court allowed the original application, setting aside the dismissal order and granting liberty to initiate disciplinary proceedings as per law.

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COMMISSIONER OF POLICE AND ORS VERSUS DANT RAM THE LAW LITERATES

11Apr, 2024

Wife has filed divorce on the ground of impotency . High court disallows husband prayer for medical test. Supreme court allows the appeal and affirm the trial court order for husband to undergo potentiality test

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

DEEP MUKERJEE VERSUS SREYASHI BANERJEE. (Reported Judgment)

Hindu Marriage Act Section 9 and 13(1) (ia) Divorce -The case involves a marital dispute where the husband filed for restitution of conjugal rights, and the wife sought a divorce on grounds of the husband’s impotency – The primary issue is the challenge against the High Court’s order which set aside the Trial Court’s decision to subject both parties to medical tests – The husband is willing to undergo a potentiality test and challenges the High Court’s decision to set aside the Trial Court’s order – The wife opposes undergoing any tests,

including fertility or mental health check-ups, and contends she cannot be compelled to do so – The Supreme Court finds no cogent reason from the High Court as to why the husband should not undergo the potentiality test – The Supreme Court partially allows the appeals, upholding the Trial Court’s order for the husband to undergo the medical test, with the High Court’s order modified accordingly.

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DEEP MUKERJEE VERSUS SREYASHI BANERJEE JUDGMENT THE LAW LITERATES

8Apr, 2024

Amendment of written statement – Allowed CALCUTTA HIGH COURT

CALCUTTA HIGH COURT

[DEBOBRATA MONDAL VERSUS PIJUSH BANERJEE ] JUSTICE BISWAROOP CHOWDARY

*Section 151 and Order 39, Rules 1 and 2 and Order 6, Rule 17 CPC Amendment of written statement Suit for declaration of title, permanent injunction and cancellation of sale deed – Defendants filed an application to amend their written statement, which was rejected by the court – In original WS, defendants made mistake in stating that ‘who was benamder’ which they sought to be corrected by amendment – Contention is that proposed amendment was necessary to rectify an inadvertent admission made in the written statement regarding Anita Devi’s status as the benamdar of Suprova Banerjee – While admissions should not be allowed to be withdrawn casually, courts have discretion to permit amendments if the admission was made inadvertently and the party seeking amendment acted in good faith – Thus, Courts had gone wrong in holding that defendant were not allowed to take inconsistent pleas in their defence – If a mistake in pleadings is committed due to inadvertence, opportunity should be given to rectify same – Amendment would not cause serious prejudice to plaintiffs – Amendment allowed.

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Debobrata Mondal & Ors. Vs. Pijush Banerjee and Ors. Judgment The Law Literates 🔁

8Apr, 2024

Set-Aside / Section 482 CRPC Section 408 IPC Dismissal of application for getting statement recorded by way of video conferencing through server room at the Civil Court and closing of evidence of prosecution by court order – Challenged

Sukhmanjit Singh Dhindsa vs State of Punjab CRMM 59290/23 28/11/23 [ HARPREET JJ ] [ PUNJAB HARYANA HIGH COURT ]

Section 482 CRPC Section 408 IPC Dismissal of application for getting statement recorded by way of video conferencing through server room at the Civil Court and closing of evidence of prosecution by court order – Challenged – Held, existing provisions of Criminal Procedure Code permit recording of evidence by way of video conferencing and such procedure duly recognized by High Court by inserting Model Video Conferencing Rules as circulated by Hon’ble Supreme Court – Recourse to record evidence through video conferencing is all more necessary when attendance of witness cannot be procured physically and any delay would affect progress of trial, which would cause great hardship and inconvenience to witness by travelling long distance to depose – Evidence of petitioner being complainant is necessary for pursuits of justice and mechanism of fair trial as enshrined under Article 21 of Constitution of India is not only available to accused but it exists for complainant victim as well and depriving opportunity to petitioner to depose through video conferencing, who is stuck in Canada due to diplomatic standoff between India and Canada, would be violative of his right to free and fair trial under Article 21 of the Constitution – Therefore, dismissal of application for getting statement recorded by way of video conferencing set aside.

8. As such, keeping in view the proposition that the existing provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code permit recording of evidence by way of video conferencing and such procedure has been duly recognized by this Court by inserting Model Video Conferencing Rules as circulated by the Hon’ble Supreme Court. The recourse to record evidence through video conferencing is all the more necessary when attendance of a witness cannot be procured physically and any delay would affect the progress of the trial, which would cause great hardship and inconvenience to the witness by travelling a long distance to depose. The evidence of the petitioner being complainant is necessary for the pursuits of justice and the mechanism of fair trial as enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution of India is not only available to the accused but it exists for the complainant victim as well and depriving an opportunity to the petitioner to depose through video conferencing, who is stuck in Canada due to a diplomatic standoff between India and Canada, would be violative of his right to free and fair trial under Article 21 of the Constitution.

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Sukhmanjit Singh Dhindsa State of Punjab and others The Law Literates Judgment 🔁

7Apr, 2024

Order 39 Rule 1 CPC Injunction Agreement to Sell Suit for Cancellation of an agreement and Injunction -Allowed

MONICA GOGIA VERSUS M S RSS ESTATE LLP & ORS 202/24 09/03/24 [ HON’BLE NEENA KRISHNA BANSAL JUSTICE ] [ DELHI HIGH COURT ]

• Order 39 Rule 1 CPC Injunction Agreement to Sell Suit for Cancellation of an agreement and Injunction – The plaintiff has filed a suit seeking to cancel an agreement to sell and a sale deed related to agricultural land in Mehrauli, New Delhi, and to prevent the defendants from alienating or constructing on the property – Alleged Fraud by Defendants – The plaintiff claims that the defendants failed to pay the balance consideration for the land and fraudulently obtained her signature on a Sale Deed without payment, leading to unauthorized construction and blocking access to her property – Court’s Interim Orders – The High Court has ordered a status quo on the title and possession of the property, directed the removal of any obstruction to the plaintiff’s access, and appointed a Local Commissioner to inspect the site and report on the construction and possession Status.

3. The present Suit for Cancellation and Permanent Injunction has been filed on behalf of the plaintiff seeking following reliefs: –
“a. Pass a decree in favor of the Plaintiff and against the Defendants thereby cancelling the Agreement to Sell dated 22.01.2024 with respect to the Agricultural Land measuring 4 bighas i.e 4032 sq. yds, bearing Mustatil No. 33, Killa No. 17 min(4 – 0) situated in the revenue estate of Village Mehrauli,Tehsil Mehrauli, New Delhi;
b. Pass a decree in favor of the Plaintiff and against the Defendants thereby cancelling the purported Sale Deed executed for the Agricultural Land measuring 4 bighas i.e 4032 sq. yds, bearing Mustatil No. 33, Killa No. 17 min(4 – 0) situated in the revenue estate of Village Mehrauli, Tehsil Mehrauli, New Delhi;
c. Pass a Decree of Permanent Injunction in favor of the Plaintiff and against the Defendants thereby restraining the Defendants, their agents, attorneys, assignees from alienating, disposing, selling off or part with possession of Suit Property;
d. Pass a Decree of Permanent Injunction in favor of the Plaintiff and against the Defendants thereby restraining the Defendants, their agents, attorneys, assignees from entering into of Suit Property;
e. Pass a Decree awarding costs of the instant suit along with legal costs in favor of the Plaintiff and against the Defendants.” Allowed

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MONICA GOGIA VERSUS M S RSS ESTATE LLP & ORS THE LAW LITERATES JUDGMENT

3Apr, 2024

Sectiona 499 IPC Defamation – Whether ‘retweeting’ a defamatory content amounts to ‘publication’ under Section 499 of IPC, and whether the petitioner, who is not the original author of the content, can be summoned for defamation -Dismissed

DELHI HIGH COURT

ARVIND KEJRIWAL 🆚 STATE AND ANR CRLMC 6343/19 Justice Swarna Kant Sharma

Sectiona 499 IPC Defamation – Whether ‘retweeting’ a defamatory content amounts to ‘publication’ under Section 499 of IPC, and whether the petitioner, who is not the original author of the content, can be summoned for defamation – The petitioner, who is the Chief Minister of Delhi, had retweeted a video posted by another person on YouTube, which allegedly contained defamatory statements against the respondent, who is the founder of a social media page supporting the Prime Minister of India – The respondent filed a complaint against the petitioner for defamation under Section 499/500 of IPC – The petitioner challenged the summoning order on the grounds that the retweet did not constitute defamation, as it did not have any intention or knowledge to harm the respondent’s reputation, and that the petitioner was not the original author or publisher of the content – The petitioner also argued that the respondent had earlier withdrawn a Similar complaint against him, which amounted to acquittal under Section 257 of Cr.P.C – The respondent contended that the retweet was defamatory, as it lowered his reputation in the eyes of the public, and that the petitioner had a large following on Twitter, which amplified the impact of the retweet – The respondent also argued that the earlier withdrawal of the complaint was due to the lack of jurisdiction of the court, and that it did not bar the subsequent prosecution of the petitioner – The reach and influence of the person retweeting the defamatory content, and the potential harm caused to the reputation of the aggrieved person, and holds that the petitioner, being a Chief Minister with a large social media following, cannot escape liability by merely contending that he had no malicious intent or knowledge of the defamatory content – It is difficult to erase the reputational injury from public memory, as the tweets may be deleted but perceptions are difficult to be deleted from the minds of the community – This Court, thus, for the purpose of adjudicating the present case, holds that retweeting a content, which is allegedly defamatory, on the Twitter account and projecting it to be as if his own views, will prima facie attract the liability under Section 499 of IPC, for the purpose of issuance of summons – Therefore, this Court finds no infirmity with the impugned orders passed by the learned Trial Court as well as learned Sessions Court – Accordingly, the present petition stands dismissed – It is, however, clarified that the observations made hereinabove qua the present complaint case are solely for the purpose of deciding the instant petition challenging the summoning orders, and the same shall not be construed as opinion of this Court on the merits of the case, which will be adjudicated upon during the course of trial.

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ARVIND KEJRIWAL VERSUS STATE & ANR THE LAW LITERATES JUDGMENT